Malligyong-1-1

The Malligyong-1-1 satellite was carried on what North Korean state media described as a "new-type satellite carrier rocket," distinct from the Chollima-1 vehicle used across the three preceding Malligyong-1 missions. The rocket's first stage failed in flight, with range safety destruction triggered by a malfunction in what authorities called a "newly developed liquid oxygen/petroleum engine."

South Korean analysts suggested the vehicle may have used Russia's RD-191 engine - as found on the Angara rocket family - a hypothesis informed by Kim Jong Un's September 2023 visit to Vostochny Cosmodrome, where he was briefed on the Angara. No technology transfer has been confirmed in open-source reporting.