GLONASS-K2 13L

Kosmos 2569 was the inaugural GLONASS-K2 satellite, beginning the third generation of Russia's GLONASS navigation constellation. GLONASS-K2 is the first variant to carry a full suite of CDMA signals - L1OC, L1SC, L2SC, and L3OC - alongside the legacy FDMA signals of GLONASS-M and K1. The CDMA format aligns GLONASS structurally with GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou, allowing modern multi-constellation receivers to integrate GLONASS without the frequency-division workarounds the FDMA-only format required.

The K2 programme was originally planned to launch from around 2018, but was delayed several years after international sanctions cut off access to radiation-hardened electronics components the design relied on.