Zuljanah

Iranian solid-and-liquid-stage small-lift satellite rocket

Iran's Zuljanah is an unusual design — solid-fuel first and second stages with a liquid-fuel third stage — built to demonstrate orbital capability independently of the civilian Simorgh programme. Its first two flights in 2021 and 2022 were suborbital tests; a subsequent attempt from Imam Khomeini Spaceport in September 2025 left scorch marks on the pad, but Iran never acknowledged the launch and it appears to have failed.