Zuljanah

Iranian hybrid solid-liquid small-lift satellite rocket

Iran's Zuljanah is an unusual design — solid-fuel first and second stages with a liquid-fuel third stage — built to demonstrate orbital capability independently of the civilian Simorgh programme. Its first two flights in 2021 and 2022 were suborbital tests; a subsequent orbital attempt from Imam Khomeini Spaceport left scorch marks on the pad but has not been confirmed as successful.